diff --git a/create-aleo-app/template-node/index.js b/create-aleo-app/template-node/index.js
index aee41705c..8f0341417 100644
--- a/create-aleo-app/template-node/index.js
+++ b/create-aleo-app/template-node/index.js
@@ -40,15 +40,7 @@ async function localProgramExecution(program, aleoFunction, inputs) {
         undefined,
         keyProviderParams,
     );
-    console.log(executionResponse.getOutputs())
 
-    executionResponse = await programManager.executeOffline(
-        hello_hello_program,
-        "hello",
-        ["5u32", "5u32"],
-        false,
-        keyProviderParams,
-    );
     return executionResponse.getOutputs();
 }
 
diff --git a/wasm/src/programs/manager/deploy.rs b/wasm/src/programs/manager/deploy.rs
index fd3e1fd7f..3f3ffda12 100644
--- a/wasm/src/programs/manager/deploy.rs
+++ b/wasm/src/programs/manager/deploy.rs
@@ -47,7 +47,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = buildDeploymentTransaction)]
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub async fn deploy(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         program: String,
         fee_credits: f64,
         fee_record: Option<RecordPlaintext>,
@@ -69,7 +69,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
         let (state, fee) = state.execute_fee(
             deploy.execution_id()?,
             url,
-            private_key,
+            private_key.clone(),
             fee_microcredits,
             fee_record,
             fee_proving_key,
diff --git a/wasm/src/programs/manager/execute.rs b/wasm/src/programs/manager/execute.rs
index 1cf33121c..375480f34 100644
--- a/wasm/src/programs/manager/execute.rs
+++ b/wasm/src/programs/manager/execute.rs
@@ -51,7 +51,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = executeFunctionOffline)]
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub async fn execute_function_offline(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         program: String,
         function: String,
         inputs: Array,
@@ -70,7 +70,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
         let (state, execute) = state.execute_program(
             function,
             inputs,
-            private_key,
+            private_key.clone(),
             proving_key,
             verifying_key,
         ).await?;
@@ -108,7 +108,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = buildExecutionTransaction)]
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub async fn execute(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         program: String,
         function: String,
         inputs: Array,
@@ -142,7 +142,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
         let (_state, fee) = state.execute_fee(
             execution.execution_id()?,
             url,
-            private_key,
+            private_key.clone(),
             fee_microcredits,
             fee_record,
             fee_proving_key,
@@ -172,7 +172,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = estimateExecutionFee)]
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub async fn estimate_execution_fee(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         program: String,
         function: String,
         inputs: Array,
@@ -193,7 +193,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
         let (state, execute) = state.execute_program(
             function,
             inputs,
-            private_key,
+            private_key.clone(),
             proving_key,
             verifying_key,
         ).await?;
diff --git a/wasm/src/programs/manager/join.rs b/wasm/src/programs/manager/join.rs
index e5630c75b..fe3fdc400 100644
--- a/wasm/src/programs/manager/join.rs
+++ b/wasm/src/programs/manager/join.rs
@@ -43,7 +43,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = buildJoinTransaction)]
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub async fn join(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         record_1: RecordPlaintext,
         record_2: RecordPlaintext,
         fee_credits: f64,
@@ -87,7 +87,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
         let (_state, fee) = state.execute_fee(
             execution.execution_id()?,
             url,
-            private_key,
+            private_key.clone(),
             fee_microcredits,
             fee_record,
             fee_proving_key,
diff --git a/wasm/src/programs/manager/mod.rs b/wasm/src/programs/manager/mod.rs
index 75530469a..345f8d8e4 100644
--- a/wasm/src/programs/manager/mod.rs
+++ b/wasm/src/programs/manager/mod.rs
@@ -576,7 +576,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     /// @param imports {Object | undefined} The imports for the program
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = "synthesizeKeyPair")]
     pub async fn synthesize_keypair(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         program: String,
         function_id: String,
         inputs: js_sys::Array,
diff --git a/wasm/src/programs/manager/split.rs b/wasm/src/programs/manager/split.rs
index cd260ff77..a7de6af43 100644
--- a/wasm/src/programs/manager/split.rs
+++ b/wasm/src/programs/manager/split.rs
@@ -41,7 +41,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = buildSplitTransaction)]
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub async fn split(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         split_amount: f64,
         amount_record: RecordPlaintext,
         url: String,
@@ -63,7 +63,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
         let (state, mut execute) = state.execute_program(
             "split".to_string(),
             inputs,
-            private_key,
+            private_key.clone(),
             split_proving_key,
             split_verifying_key,
         ).await?;
diff --git a/wasm/src/programs/manager/transfer.rs b/wasm/src/programs/manager/transfer.rs
index a780d8360..986b0e76f 100644
--- a/wasm/src/programs/manager/transfer.rs
+++ b/wasm/src/programs/manager/transfer.rs
@@ -46,7 +46,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
     #[wasm_bindgen(js_name = buildTransferTransaction)]
     #[allow(clippy::too_many_arguments)]
     pub async fn transfer(
-        private_key: PrivateKey,
+        private_key: &PrivateKey,
         amount_credits: f64,
         recipient: String,
         transfer_type: &str,
@@ -132,7 +132,7 @@ impl ProgramManager {
         let (_state, fee) = state.execute_fee(
             execution.execution_id()?,
             url,
-            private_key,
+            private_key.clone(),
             fee_microcredits,
             fee_record,
             fee_proving_key,