GH-45096: [C++] Apply a cstdint patch to bundled Thrift for GCC 15

[kou]

Rationale for this change

Apache Thrift misses #include <cstdint> for int64_t: apache/thrift#3078
GCC 15 requires it.

What changes are included in this PR?

Apply apache/thrift#3078 only with GCC 15.

Are these changes tested?

Yes.

Are there any user-facing changes?

No.

• GitHub Issue: [R][C++] Passing builds on (unreleased) GCC 15 #45096

[github-actions]

⚠️ GitHub issue #45096 has been automatically assigned in GitHub to PR creator.

[raulcd]

This seems good to me. @jonkeane do you want to validate it?

[jonkeane]

Thanks for this, yeah this looks right, adding https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-15/porting_to.html in case it is helpful for others.

I can pick up trying to add this to CI — @kou do you have thoughts on getting gcc-snapshot installed reliably? I can keep on trying on #44970 but you'll know what I've been missing there.

[kou]

Thanks for this, yeah this looks right, adding https://gcc.gnu.org/gcc-15/porting_to.html in case it is helpful for others.

Thanks. I didn't notice this page. I've added the information to the Thrift PR.

I can pick up trying to add this to CI — @kou do you have thoughts on getting gcc-snapshot installed reliably? I can keep on trying on #44970 but you'll know what I've been missing there.

I've added some comments to #44970.