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iopart.cls
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%%
%% This is file `iopart.cls'
%%
%% This file is distributed in the hope that it will be useful,
%% but WITHOUT ANY WARRANTY; without even the implied warranty of
%% MERCHANTABILITY or FITNESS FOR A PARTICULAR PURPOSE.
%%
%% \CharacterTable
%% {Upper-case \A\B\C\D\E\F\G\H\I\J\K\L\M\N\O\P\Q\R\S\T\U\V\W\X\Y\Z
%% Lower-case \a\b\c\d\e\f\g\h\i\j\k\l\m\n\o\p\q\r\s\t\u\v\w\x\y\z
%% Digits \0\1\2\3\4\5\6\7\8\9
%% Exclamation \! Double quote \" Hash (number) \#
%% Dollar \$ Percent \% Ampersand \&
%% Acute accent \' Left paren \( Right paren \)
%% Asterisk \* Plus \+ Comma \,
%% Minus \- Point \. Solidus \/
%% Colon \: Semicolon \; Less than \<
%% Equals \= Greater than \> Question mark \?
%% Commercial at \@ Left bracket \[ Backslash \\
%% Right bracket \] Circumflex \^ Underscore \_
%% Grave accent \` Left brace \{ Vertical bar \|
%% Right brace \} Tilde \~}
%
\NeedsTeXFormat{LaTeX2e}
\ProvidesClass{iopart}[1996/06/10 v0.0 IOP Journals LaTeX article class]
\newcommand\@ptsize{0}
\newif\if@restonecol
\newif\if@titlepage
\newif\ifiopams
\@titlepagefalse
\DeclareOption{a4paper}
{\setlength\paperheight {297mm}%
\setlength\paperwidth {210mm}}
\DeclareOption{letterpaper}
{\setlength\paperheight {11in}%
\setlength\paperwidth {8.5in}}
\DeclareOption{landscape}
{\setlength\@tempdima {\paperheight}%
\setlength\paperheight {\paperwidth}%
\setlength\paperwidth {\@tempdima}}
\DeclareOption{10pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{0}}
\DeclareOption{11pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{2}} % No 11pt version
\DeclareOption{12pt}{\renewcommand\@ptsize{2}}
\DeclareOption{draft}{\setlength\overfullrule{5pt}}
\DeclareOption{final}{\setlength\overfullrule{0pt}}
\DeclareOption{titlepage}{\@titlepagetrue}
\DeclareOption{notitlepage}{\@titlepagefalse}
\ExecuteOptions{letterpaper,final}
\ProcessOptions
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\bi}{OML}{cmm}{b}{it}
\DeclareMathAlphabet{\bcal}{OMS}{cmsy}{b}{n}
\input{iopart1\@ptsize.clo}
\setlength\lineskip{1\p@}
\setlength\normallineskip{1\p@}
\renewcommand\baselinestretch{}
\setlength\parskip{0\p@ \@plus \p@}
\@lowpenalty 51
\@medpenalty 151
\@highpenalty 301
\setlength\parindent{2em}
\setcounter{topnumber}{8}
\renewcommand\topfraction{1}
\setcounter{bottomnumber}{3}
\renewcommand\bottomfraction{.99}
\setcounter{totalnumber}{8}
\renewcommand\textfraction{0.01}
\renewcommand\floatpagefraction{.8}
\setcounter{dbltopnumber}{6}
\renewcommand\dbltopfraction{1}
\renewcommand\dblfloatpagefraction{.8}
%
\pretolerance=5000
\tolerance=8000
%
% Headings for all pages apart from first
%
\def\ps@headings{\let\@oddfoot\@empty
\let\@evenfoot\@empty
\def\@evenhead{\thepage\hfil\itshape\rightmark}%
\def\@oddhead{{\itshape\leftmark}\hfil\thepage}%
\let\@mkboth\markboth
\let\sectionmark\@gobble
\let\subsectionmark\@gobble}
%
% Headings for first page
%
\def\ps@myheadings{\let\@oddfoot\@empty\let\@evenfoot\@empty
\let\@oddhead\@empty\let\@evenhead\@empty
\let\@mkboth\@gobbletwo
\let\sectionmark\@gobble
\let\subsectionmark\@gobble}
%
% \maketitle just ends page
%
\newcommand\maketitle{\newpage}
%
% Article titles
%
% Usage: \title[Short title]{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\renewcommand{\title}{\@ifnextchar[{\@stitle}{\@ftitle}}
\def\@stitle[#1]#2{\markboth{#1}{#1}%
\thispagestyle{myheadings}%
\vspace*{3pc}{\exhyphenpenalty=10000\hyphenpenalty=10000
\Large\raggedright\noindent
\bf#2\par}}
\def\@ftitle#1{\markboth{#1}{#1}%
\thispagestyle{myheadings}%
\vspace*{3pc}{\exhyphenpenalty=10000\hyphenpenalty=10000
\Large\raggedright\noindent
\bf#1\par}}
%
% Can use \paper instead of \title
%
\let\paper=\title
%
% Generic title command for articles other than papers
%
% Usage: \article[Short title]{ARTICLE TYPE}{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\newcommand{\article}{\@ifnextchar[{\@sarticle}{\@farticle}}
\def\@sarticle[#1]#2#3{\markboth{#1}{#1}%
\thispagestyle{myheadings}%
\vspace*{.5pc}%
{\parindent=\mathindent \bf #2\par}%
\vspace*{1.5pc}%
{\exhyphenpenalty=10000\hyphenpenalty=10000
\Large\raggedright\noindent
\bf#3\par}}%
\def\@farticle#1#2{\markboth{#2}{#2}%
\thispagestyle{myheadings}%
\vspace*{.5pc}%
{\parindent=\mathindent \bf #1\par}%
\vspace*{1.5pc}%
{\exhyphenpenalty=10000\hyphenpenalty=10000
\Large\raggedright\noindent
\bf#2\par}}%
%
% Letters to the Editor
%
% Usage \letter{Full title}
% No short title is required for Letters
%
\def\letter#1{\article[Letter to the Editor]{LETTER TO THE EDITOR}{#1}}
%
% Review articles
%
% Usage: \review[Short title]{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\def\review{\@ifnextchar[{\@sreview}{\@freview}}
\def\@sreview[#1]#2{\@sarticle[#1]{REVIEW ARTICLE}{#2}}
\def\@freview#1{\@farticle{REVIEW ARTICLE}{#1}}
%
% Topical Review
%
% Usage: \topical[Short title]{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\def\topical{\@ifnextchar[{\@stopical}{\@ftopical}}
\def\@stopical[#1]#2{\@sarticle[#1]{TOPICAL REVIEW}{#2}}
\def\@ftopical#1{\@farticle{TOPICAL REVIEW}{#1}}
%
% Comments
%
% Usage: \comment[Short title]{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\def\comment{\@ifnextchar[{\@scomment}{\@fcomment}}
\def\@scomment[#1]#2{\@sarticle[#1]{COMMENT}{#2}}
\def\@fcomment#1{\@farticle{COMMENT}{#1}}
%
% Rapid Communications
%
% Usage: \rapid[Short title]{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\def\rapid{\@ifnextchar[{\@srapid}{\@frapid}}
\def\@srapid[#1]#2{\@sarticle[#1]{RAPID COMMUNICATION}{#2}}
\def\@frapid#1{\@farticle{RAPID COMMUNICATION}{#1}}
%
% Notes
%
% Usage: \note[Short title]{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\def\note{\@ifnextchar[{\@snote}{\@fnote}}
\def\@snote[#1]#2{\@sarticle[#1]{NOTE}{#2}}
\def\@fnote#1{\@farticle{NOTE}{#1}}
%
% Preliminary Communications
%
% Usage: \prelim[Short title]{Full title}
% [Short title] is optional; use where title is too long
% or contains footnotes, 50 characters maximum
%
\def\prelim{\@ifnextchar[{\@sprelim}{\@fprelim}}
\def\@sprelim[#1]#2{\@sarticle[#1]{PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION}{#2}}
\def\@fprelim#1{\@farticle{PRELIMINARY COMMUNICATION}{#1}}
%
% List of authors
%
% Usage \author[Short form]{List of all authors}
% The short form excludes footnote symbols linking authors to addresses
% and is used for running heads in printed version (but not on preprints)
%
\renewcommand{\author}{\@ifnextchar[{\@sauthor}{\@fauthor}}
\def\@sauthor[#1]#2{\markright{#1} % for production only
\vspace*{1.5pc}%
\begin{indented}%
\item[]\normalsize\bf\raggedright#2
\end{indented}%
\smallskip}
\def\@fauthor#1{%\markright{#1} for production only
\vspace*{1.5pc}%
\begin{indented}%
\item[]\normalsize\bf\raggedright#1
\end{indented}%
\smallskip}
%
% Affiliation (authors address)
%
% Usage: \address{Address of first author}
% \address{Address of second author}
% Use once for each address, use symbols \dag \ddag \S \P $\|$
% to connect authors with addresses
%
\newcommand{\address}[1]{\begin{indented}
\item[]\rm\raggedright #1
\end{indented}}
%
% American Mathematical Society Classification Numbers
% Usage: \ams{57.XX, 58.XX}
%
\def\ams#1{\vspace{10pt}
\begin{indented}
\item[]\rm AMS classification scheme numbers: #1\par
\end{indented}}
%
% A single Physics & Astronomy Classification Number
% Usage \pacno{31.10}
%
\def\pacno#1{\vspace{10pt}
\begin{indented}
\item[]\rm PACS number: #1\par
\end{indented}}
%
% Physics & Astronomy Classification Numbers (more than one)
% Usage \pacs{31.10, 31.20T}
%
\def\pacs#1{\vspace{10pt}
\begin{indented}
\item[]\rm PACS numbers: #1\par
\end{indented}}
%
% Submission details. If \jl command used journals name printed
% otherwise Institute of Physics Publishing
%
\def\submitted{\vspace{28pt plus 10pt minus 18pt}
\noindent{\small\rm Submitted to: {\it \journal}\par}}
%
\def\submitto#1{\vspace{28pt plus 10pt minus 18pt}
\noindent{\small\rm Submitted to: {\it #1}\par}}
%
% For articles (other than Letters) not divided into sections
% Usage \nosections Start of text
%
\def\nosections{\vspace{30\p@ plus12\p@ minus12\p@}
\noindent\ignorespaces}
%
% Acknowledgments (no heading if letter)
% Usage \ack for Acknowledgments, \ackn for Acknowledgement
%
\def\ack{\ifletter\bigskip\noindent\ignorespaces\else
\section*{Acknowledgments}\fi}
\def\ackn{\ifletter\bigskip\noindent\ignorespaces\else
\section*{Acknowledgment}\fi}
%
% Footnotes: symbols selected in order \dag (1), \ddag (2), \S (3),
% $\|$ (4), $\P$ (5), $^+$ (6), $^*$ (7), \sharp (8), \dagger\dagger (9)
% unless optional argument of [<num>] use to specify required symbol,
% 1=\dag, 2=\ddag, etc
% Usage: \footnote{Text of footnote}
% \footnote[3]{Text of footnote}
%
\def\footnoterule{}%
\setcounter{footnote}{1}
\long\def\@makefntext#1{\parindent 1em\noindent
% TW edited to get the footnote symbol superscripted.
\makebox[1em][l]{\footnotesize\rm$^{\m@th{\fnsymbol{footnote}}}$}%
\footnotesize\rm #1}
% TW edited to get the footnote symbol superscripted.
%\def\@makefnmark{\hbox{${\fnsymbol{footnote}}\m@th$}}
\def\@makefnmark{\hbox{$^{{\fnsymbol{footnote}}\m@th}$}}
\def\@thefnmark{\fnsymbol{footnote}}
\def\footnote{\@ifnextchar[{\@xfootnote}{\stepcounter{\@mpfn}%
\begingroup\let\protect\noexpand
\xdef\@thefnmark{\thempfn}\endgroup
\@footnotemark\@footnotetext}}
\def\@xfootnote[#1]{\setcounter{footnote}{#1}%
\addtocounter{footnote}{-1}\footnote}
\def\@fnsymbol#1{\ifcase#1\or \dagger\or \ddagger\or \S\or
\|\or \P\or ^{+}\or ^{\tsty *}\or \sharp
\or \dagger\dagger \else\@ctrerr\fi\relax}
%
% IOP Journals
%
\newcounter{jnl}
\newcommand{\jl}[1]{\setcounter{jnl}{#1}}
\def\journal{\ifnum\thejnl=0 Institute of Physics Publishing\fi
\ifnum\thejnl=1 J. Phys.\ A: Math.\ Gen.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=2 J. Phys.\ B: At.\ Mol.\ Opt.\ Phys.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=3 J. Phys.:\ Condens. Matter\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=4 J. Phys.\ G: Nucl.\ Part.\ Phys.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=5 Inverse Problems\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=6 Class. Quantum Grav.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=7 Network: Comput.\ Neural Syst.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=8 Nonlinearity\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=9 J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=10 Waves Random Media\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=11 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=12 Phys. Med. Biol.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=13 Modelling Simul.\ Mater.\ Sci.\ Eng.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=14 Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=15 Physiol. Meas.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=16 Combust. Theory Modelling\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=17 High Perform.\ Polym.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=18 Public Understand. Sci.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=19 Rep.\ Prog.\ Phys.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=20 J.\ Phys.\ D: Appl.\ Phys.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=21 Supercond.\ Sci.\ Technol.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=22 Semicond.\ Sci.\ Technol.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=23 Nanotechnology\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=24 Measur.\ Sci.\ Technol.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=25 Plasma.\ Sources\ Sci.\ Technol.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=26 Smart\ Mater.\ Struct.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=27 J.\ Micromech.\ Microeng.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=28 Distrib.\ Syst.\ Engng\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=29 Bioimaging\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=30 J.\ Radiol. Prot.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=31 Europ. J. Phys.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=32 J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.\ \fi
\ifnum\thejnl=33 New. J. Phys.\ \fi}
%
% E-mail addresses (to provide links from headers)
%
\def\eads#1{\vspace*{5pt}\address{E-mail: #1}}
\def\ead#1{\vspace*{5pt}\address{E-mail: \mailto{#1}}}
\def\mailto#1{{\tt #1}}
%
% Switches
%
\newif\ifletter
%
\setcounter{secnumdepth}{3}
\newcounter {section}
\newcounter {subsection}[section]
\newcounter {subsubsection}[subsection]
\newcounter {paragraph}[subsubsection]
\newcounter {subparagraph}[paragraph]
\renewcommand\thesection {\arabic{section}}
\renewcommand\thesubsection {\thesection.\arabic{subsection}}
\renewcommand\thesubsubsection {\thesubsection.\arabic{subsubsection}}
\renewcommand\theparagraph {\thesubsubsection.\arabic{paragraph}}
\renewcommand\thesubparagraph {\theparagraph.\arabic{subparagraph}}
\def\@chapapp{Section}
\newcommand\section{\@startsection {section}{1}{\z@}%
{-3.5ex \@plus -1ex \@minus -.2ex}%
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%
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\crcr#1\crcr}}\,}
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\tabskip\z@skip
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#1\crcr}}
%
\newif\ifnumbysec
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\arabic{section}.\arabic{equation}\else
\arabic{equation}\fi}
\def\eqnobysec{\numbysectrue\@addtoreset{equation}{section}}
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\setcounter{eqnval}{\value{equation}}%
\setcounter{equation}{0}%
\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
\arabic{section}.\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}%
\else\arabic{eqnval}{\it\alph{equation}}\fi}}
\def\endnumparts{\def\theequation{\ifnumbysec
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\arabic{equation}\fi}%
\setcounter{equation}{\value{eqnval}}}
%
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\left\{\,\vcenter{\def\\{\cr}\normalbaselines\openup1\jot\m@th%
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%
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\def\lequiv{\llap{${}\equiv{}$}}
%
\newcommand{\eref}[1]{(\ref{#1})}
\newcommand{\sref}[1]{section~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\fref}[1]{figure~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\tref}[1]{table~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Eref}[1]{Equation (\ref{#1})}
\newcommand{\Sref}[1]{Section~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Fref}[1]{Figure~\ref{#1}}
\newcommand{\Tref}[1]{Table~\ref{#1}}
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\newcommand{\opentriangle}{\mbox{$\triangle$}}
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\def\psemicolon{\relax\ifmmode\mskip\thickmuskip\else\kern .3333em\fi}
\def\lineup{\def\0{\hbox{\phantom{\footnotesize\rm 0}}}%
\def\m{\hbox{$\phantom{-}$}}%
\def\-{\llap{$-$}}}
%
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
% Tables rules %
%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%%
\newcommand{\boldarrayrulewidth}{1\p@}
% Width of bold rule in tabular environment.
\def\bhline{\noalign{\ifnum0=`}\fi\hrule \@height
\boldarrayrulewidth \futurelet \@tempa\@xhline}
\def\@xhline{\ifx\@tempa\hline\vskip \doublerulesep\fi
\ifnum0=`{\fi}}
%
% Rules for tables with extra space around
%
\newcommand{\br}{\ms\bhline\ms}
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%
\newcommand{\centre}[2]{\multispan{#1}{\hfill #2\hfill}}
\newcommand{\crule}[1]{\multispan{#1}{\hspace*{\tabcolsep}\hrulefill
\hspace*{\tabcolsep}}}
\newcommand{\fcrule}[1]{\ifnum\thetabtype=1\multispan{#1}{\hrulefill
\hspace*{\tabcolsep}}\else\multispan{#1}{\hrulefill}\fi}
%
% Extra spaces for tables and displayed equations
%
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\newcommand{\es}{\noalign{\vspace{6\p@ plus2\p@ minus2\p@}}\displaystyle}%
%
\newcommand{\etal}{{\it et al\/}\ }
\newcommand{\dash}{------}
\newcommand{\nonum}{\par\item[]} %\par added 1/9/93
\newcommand{\mat}[1]{\underline{\underline{#1}}}
%
% abbreviations for IOPP journals
%
\newcommand{\CQG}{{\it Class. Quantum Grav.} }
\newcommand{\CTM}{{\it Combust. Theory Modelling\/} }
\newcommand{\DSE}{{\it Distrib. Syst. Engng.\/} }
\newcommand{\EJP}{{\it Eur. J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JNE}{{\it J. Neural Eng.} } %added 30/11/2004 GMD
\newcommand{\PB}{{\it Phys. Biol.} } %added 30/11/2004 GMD
\newcommand{\SMS}{{\it Smart Mater. Struct.} } %added 30/11/2004 GMD
\newcommand{\HPP}{{\it High Perform. Polym.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\IP}{{\it Inverse Problems\/} }
\newcommand{\JHM}{{\it J. Hard Mater.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\JO}{{\it J. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JOA}{{\it J. Opt. A: Pure Appl. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JOB}{{\it J. Opt. B: Quantum Semiclass. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\JPA}{{\it J. Phys. A: Math. Gen.} }
\newcommand{\JPB}{{\it J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Phys.} } %1968-87
\newcommand{\jpb}{{\it J. Phys. B: At. Mol. Opt. Phys.} } %1988 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPC}{{\it J. Phys. C: Solid State Phys.} } %1968--1988
\newcommand{\JPCM}{{\it J. Phys.: Condens. Matter\/} } %1989 and onwards
\newcommand{\JPD}{{\it J. Phys. D: Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JPE}{{\it J. Phys. E: Sci. Instrum.} }
\newcommand{\JPF}{{\it J. Phys. F: Met. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JPG}{{\it J. Phys. G: Nucl. Phys.} } %1975--1988
\newcommand{\jpg}{{\it J. Phys. G: Nucl. Part. Phys.} } %1989 and onwards
\newcommand{\JMM}{{\it J. Micromech. Microeng.\/} }
\newcommand{\MSMSE}{{\it Modelling Simulation Mater. Sci. Eng.} }
\newcommand{\MST}{{\it Meas. Sci. Technol.} } %1990 and onwards
\newcommand{\NET}{{\it Network: Comput. Neural Syst.} }
\newcommand{\NJP}{{\it New J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\NL}{{\it Nonlinearity\/} }
\newcommand{\NT}{{\it Nanotechnology} }
\newcommand{\PAO}{{\it Pure Appl. Optics\/} }
\newcommand{\PM}{{\it Physiol. Meas.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\PMB}{{\it Phys. Med. Biol.} }
\newcommand{\PPCF}{{\it Plasma Phys. Control. Fusion\/} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\PSST}{{\it Plasma Sources Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\PUS}{{\it Public Understand. Sci.} }
\newcommand{\QO}{{\it Quantum Opt.} }
\newcommand{\QSO}{{\em Quantum Semiclass. Opt.} }
\newcommand{\RPP}{{\it Rep. Prog. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\SLC}{{\it Sov. Lightwave Commun.} } % added 4/5/93
\newcommand{\SST}{{\it Semicond. Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\SUST}{{\it Supercond. Sci. Technol.} }
\newcommand{\WRM}{{\it Waves Random Media\/} }
%
% Other commonly quoted journals
%
\newcommand{\AC}{{\it Acta Crystallogr.} }
\newcommand{\AM}{{\it Acta Metall.} }
\newcommand{\AP}{{\it Ann. Phys., Lpz.} }
\newcommand{\APNY}{{\it Ann. Phys., NY\/} }
\newcommand{\APP}{{\it Ann. Phys., Paris\/} }
\newcommand{\CJP}{{\it Can. J. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JAP}{{\it J. Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JCP}{{\it J. Chem. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JJAP}{{\it Japan. J. Appl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JP}{{\it J. Physique\/} }
\newcommand{\JPhCh}{{\it J. Phys. Chem.} }
\newcommand{\JMMM}{{\it J. Magn. Magn. Mater.} }
\newcommand{\JMP}{{\it J. Math. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\JOSA}{{\it J. Opt. Soc. Am.} }
\newcommand{\JPSJ}{{\it J. Phys. Soc. Japan\/} }
\newcommand{\JQSRT}{{\it J. Quant. Spectrosc. Radiat. Transfer\/} }
\newcommand{\NC}{{\it Nuovo Cimento\/} }
\newcommand{\NIM}{{\it Nucl. Instrum. Methods\/} }
\newcommand{\NP}{{\it Nucl. Phys.} }
\newcommand{\PL}{{\it Phys. Lett.} }
\newcommand{\PR}{{\it Phys. Rev.} }
\newcommand{\PRL}{{\it Phys. Rev. Lett.} }
\newcommand{\PRS}{{\it Proc. R. Soc.} }
\newcommand{\PS}{{\it Phys. Scr.} }
\newcommand{\PSS}{{\it Phys. Status Solidi\/} }