.. index:: single: structure
When writing computer programs of even moderate complexity, it's commonly accepted that "structuring" the program into reusable functions is better than copying-and-pasting duplicate bits of code everywhere they are used. Likewise in JSON Schema, for anything but the most trivial schema, it's really useful to structure the schema into parts that can be reused in a number of places. This chapter will present the tools available for reusing and structuring schemas as well as some practical examples that use those tools.
.. index:: single: schema identification single: structuring; schema identification
Like any other code, schemas are easier to maintain if they can be broken down into logical units that reference each other as necessary. In order to reference a schema, we need a way to identify a schema. Schema documents are identified by non-relative URIs.
Schema documents are not required to have an identifier, but you will need one if you want to reference one schema from another. In this documentation, we will refer to schemas with no identifier as "anonymous schemas".
In the following sections we will see how the "identifier" for a schema is determined.
Note
URI terminology can sometimes be unintuitive. In this document, the following definitions are used.
- URI [1] or
non-relative URI: A full URI containing a scheme (
https). It may contain a URI fragment (#foo). Sometimes this document will use "non-relative URI" to make it extra clear that relative URIs are not allowed. - relative reference [2]: A
partial URI that does not contain a scheme (
https). It may contain a fragment (#foo). - URI-reference [3]: A
relative reference or non-relative URI. It may contain a URI
fragment (
#foo). - absolute URI [4] A
full URI containing a scheme (
https) but not a URI fragment (#foo).
Note
Even though schemas are identified by URIs, those identifiers are
not necessarily network-addressable. They are just identifiers.
Generally, implementations don't make HTTP requests (https://)
or read from the file system (file://) to fetch schemas.
Instead, they provide a way to load schemas into an internal schema
database. When a schema is referenced by it's URI identifier, the
schema is retrieved from the internal schema database.
.. index:: single: base URI single: structuring; base URI
Using non-relative URIs can be cumbersome, so any URIs used in JSON Schema can be URI-references that resolve against the schema's base URI resulting in a non-relative URI. This section describes how a schema's base URI is determined.
Note
Base URI determination and relative reference resolution is defined by RFC-3986. If you are familiar with how this works in HTML, this section should feel very familiar.
.. index:: single: retrieval URI single: structuring; base URI; retrieval URI
The URI used to fetch a schema is known as the "retrieval URI". It's often possible to pass an anonymous schema to an implementation in which case that schema would have no retrieval URI.
Let's assume a schema is referenced using the URI
https://example.com/schemas/address and the following schema is
retrieved.
.. schema_example::
{
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"street_address": { "type": "string" },
"city": { "type": "string" },
"state": { "type": "string" }
},
"required": ["street_address", "city", "state"]
}
The base URI for this schema is the same as the retrieval URI,
https://example.com/schemas/address.
.. index:: single: $id single: structuring; base URI; $id
You can set the base URI by using the $id keyword at the root of
the schema. The value of $id is a URI-reference without a fragment
that resolves against the retrieval-uri. The resulting URI is the
base URI for the schema.
.. draft_specific::
--Draft 4
In Draft 4, ``$id`` is just ``id`` (without the dollar sign).
--Draft 4-7
In Draft 4-7 it was allowed to have fragments in an ``$id`` (or
``id`` in Draft 4). However, the behavior when setting a base URI
that contains a URI fragment is undefined and should not be used
because implementations may treat them differently.
Note
This is analogous to the <base> tag in HTML.
Note
When the $id keyword appears in a subschema, it means something
slightly different. See the bundling section for more.
Let's assume the URIs https://example.com/schema/address and
https://example.com/schema/billing-address both identify the
following schema.
.. schema_example::
{
"$id": "/schemas/address",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"street_address": { "type": "string" },
"city": { "type": "string" },
"state": { "type": "string" }
},
"required": ["street_address", "city", "state"]
}
No matter which of the two URIs is used to retrieve this schema, the
base URI will be https://example.com/schemas/address, which is the
result of the $id URI-reference resolving against the
retrieval-uri.
However, using a relative reference when setting a base URI can be
problematic. For example, we couldn't use this schema as an
anonymous schema because there would be no retrieval-uri and you
can't resolve a relative reference against nothing. For this and other
reasons, it's recommended that you always use an absolute URI when
declaring a base URI with $id.
The base URI of the following schema will always be
https://example.com/schemas/address no matter what the
retrieval-uri was or if it's used as an anonymous schema.
.. schema_example::
{
"$id": "https://example.com/schemas/address",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"street_address": { "type": "string" },
"city": { "type": "string" },
"state": { "type": "string" }
},
"required": ["street_address", "city", "state"]
}
.. index:: single: JSON Pointer single: structuring; subschema identification; JSON Pointer
In addition to identifying a schema document, you can also identify subschemas. The most common way to do that is to use a JSON Pointer in the URI fragment that points to the subschema.
A JSON Pointer describes a slash-separated path to traverse the keys
in the objects in the document. Therefore,
/properties/street_address means:
- find the value of the key
properties - within that object, find the value of the key
street_address
The URI
https://example.com/schemas/address#/properties/street_address
identifies the highlighted subschema in the following schema.
.. schema_example::
{
"$id": "https://example.com/schemas/address",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"street_address":
* { "type": "string" },
"city": { "type": "string" },
"state": { "type": "string" }
},
"required": ["street_address", "city", "state"]
}
.. index:: single: $anchor single: structuring; subschema identification; $anchor
A less common way to identify a subschema is to create a named anchor
in the schema using the $anchor keyword and using that name in the
URI fragment. Anchors must start with a letter followed by any number
of letters, digits, -, _, :, or ..
.. draft_specific::
--Draft 4
In Draft 4, you declare an anchor the same way you do in Draft 6-7
except that ``$id`` is just ``id`` (without the dollar sign).
--Draft 6-7
In Draft 6-7, a named anchor is defined using an ``$id`` that
contains only a URI fragment. The value of the URI fragment is the
name of the anchor.
JSON Schema doesn't define how ``$id`` should be interpreted when
it contains both fragment and non-fragment URI parts. Therefore,
when setting a named anchor, you should not use non-fragment URI
parts in the URI-reference.
Note
If a named anchor is defined that doesn't follow these naming rules, then behavior is undefined. Your anchors might work in some implementation, but not others.
The URI https://example.com/schemas/address#street_address
identifies the subschema on the highlighted part of the following
schema.
.. schema_example::
{
"$id": "https://example.com/schemas/address",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"street_address":
* {
* "$anchor": "street_address",
* "type": "string"
* },
"city": { "type": "string" },
"state": { "type": "string" }
},
"required": ["street_address", "city", "state"]
}
.. index:: single: $ref single: structuring; $ref
A schema can reference another schema using the $ref keyword. The
value of $ref is a URI-reference that is resolved against the
schema's base-uri. When evaluating a $ref, an implementation
uses the resolved identifier to retrieve the referenced schema and
applies that schema to the instance.
.. draft_specific:: -- Draft 4-7 In Draft 4-7, ``$ref`` behaves a little differently. When an object contains a ``$ref`` property, the object is considered a reference, not a schema. Therefore, any other properties you put in that object will not be treated as JSON Schema keywords and will be ignored by the validator. ``$ref`` can only be used where a schema is expected.
For this example, let's say we want to define a customer record, where each customer may have both a shipping and a billing address. Addresses are always the same---they have a street address, city and state---so we don't want to duplicate that part of the schema everywhere we want to store an address. Not only would that make the schema more verbose, but it makes updating it in the future more difficult. If our imaginary company were to start doing international business in the future and we wanted to add a country field to all the addresses, it would be better to do this in a single place rather than everywhere that addresses are used.
.. schema_example::
{
"$id": "https://example.com/schemas/customer",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"first_name": { "type": "string" },
"last_name": { "type": "string" },
"shipping_address": { "$ref": "/schemas/address" },
"billing_address": { "$ref": "/schemas/address" }
},
"required": ["first_name", "last_name", "shipping_address", "billing_address"]
}
The URI-references in $ref resolve against the schema's base-uri
(https://example.com/schemas/customer) which results in
https://example.com/schemas/address. The implementation retrieves
that schema and uses it to evaluate the "shipping_address" and
"billing_address" properties.
Note
When using $ref in an anonymous schema, relative references may
not be resolvable. Let's assume this example is used as an
anonymous schema.
.. schema_example::
{
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"first_name": { "type": "string" },
"last_name": { "type": "string" },
"shipping_address": { "$ref": "https://example.com/schemas/address" },
"billing_address": { "$ref": "/schemas/address" }
},
"required": ["first_name", "last_name", "shipping_address", "billing_address"]
}
The $ref at /properties/shipping_address can resolve just
fine without a non-relative base URI to resolve against, but the
$ref at /properties/billing_address can't resolve to a
non-relative URI and therefore can't can be used to retrieve the
address schema.
.. index:: single: $defs single: structuring; $defs
Sometimes we have small subschemas that are only intended for use in
the current schema and it doesn't make sense to define them as
separate schemas. Although we can identify any subschema using JSON
Pointers or named anchors, the $defs keyword gives us a
standardized place to keep subschemas intended for reuse in the
current schema document.
Let's extend the previous customer schema example to use a common
schema for the name properties. It doesn't make sense to define a new
schema for this and it will only be used in this schema, so it's a
good candidate for using $defs.
.. schema_example::
{
"$id": "https://example.com/schemas/customer",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"first_name": { "$ref": "#/$defs/name" },
"last_name": { "$ref": "#/$defs/name" },
"shipping_address": { "$ref": "/schemas/address" },
"billing_address": { "$ref": "/schemas/address" }
},
"required": ["first_name", "last_name", "shipping_address", "billing_address"],
"$defs": {
"name": { "type": "string" }
}
}
$defs isn't just good for avoiding duplication. It can also be
useful for writing schemas that are easier to read and maintain.
Complex parts of the schema can be defined in $defs with
descriptive names and referenced where it's needed. This allows
readers of the schema to more quickly and easily understand the schema
at a high level before diving into the more complex parts.
Note
It's possible to reference an external subschema, but generally you
want to limit a $ref to referencing either an external schema
or an internal subschema defined in $defs.
.. index:: single: recursion single: $ref single: structuring; recursion; $ref
The $ref keyword may be used to create recursive schemas that
refer to themselves. For example, you might have a person schema
that has an array of children, each of which are also person
instances.
.. schema_example::
{
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"name": { "type": "string" },
"children": {
"type": "array",
* "items": { "$ref": "#" }
}
}
}
--
// A snippet of the British royal family tree
{
"name": "Elizabeth",
"children": [
{
"name": "Charles",
"children": [
{
"name": "William",
"children": [
{ "name": "George" },
{ "name": "Charlotte" }
]
},
{
"name": "Harry"
}
]
}
]
}
Above, we created a schema that refers to itself, effectively creating
a "loop" in the validator, which is both allowed and useful. Note,
however, that a $ref referring to another $ref could cause
an infinite loop in the resolver, and is explicitly disallowed.
.. schema_example::
{
"$defs": {
"alice": { "$ref": "#/$defs/bob" },
"bob": { "$ref": "#/$defs/alice" }
}
}
.. index:: single: Extending Recursive Schemas single: $recursiveRef single: $recursiveAnchor single: structuring; Extending Recursive Schemas
Documentation Coming Soon
.. index:: single: bundling single: $id single: structuring; bundling; $id
Working with multiple schema documents is convenient for development,
but it's often more convenient for distribution to bundle all of your
schemas into a single schema document. This can be done using the
$id keyword in a subschema. When $id is used in a subschema,
it indicates an embedded schema. The identifier for the embedded
schema is the value of $id resolved against the base-uri of the
schema it appears in. A schema document that includes embedded schemas
is called a Compound Schema Document. Each schema with an $id in a
Compound Schema Document is called a Schema Resource.
.. draft_specific::
--Draft 4
In Draft 4, ``$id`` is just ``id`` (without the dollar sign).
--Draft 4-7
In Draft 4-7, an ``$id`` in a subschema did not indicate an
embedded schema. Instead it was simply a base URI change in a
single schema document.
Note
This is analogous to the <iframe> tag in HTML.
Note
It is unusual to use embedded schemas when developing schemas. It's generally best not to use this feature explicitly and use schema bundling tools to construct bundled schemas if such a thing is needed.
This example shows the customer schema example and the address schema example bundled into a Compound Schema Document.
.. schema_example::
{
"$id": "https://example.com/schemas/customer",
"$schema": "https://json-schema.org/draft/2020-12/schema",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"first_name": { "type": "string" },
"last_name": { "type": "string" },
"shipping_address": { "$ref": "/schemas/address" },
"billing_address": { "$ref": "/schemas/address" }
},
"required": ["first_name", "last_name", "shipping_address", "billing_address"],
"$defs": {
"address": {
"$id": "/schemas/address",
"$schema": "http://json-schema.org/draft-07/schema#",
"type": "object",
"properties": {
"street_address": { "type": "string" },
"city": { "type": "string" },
"state": { "$ref": "#/definitions/state" }
},
"required": ["street_address", "city", "state"],
"definitions": {
"state": { "enum": ["CA", "NY", "... etc ..."] }
}
}
}
}
All references in a Compound Schema Document need to be the same
whether the Schema Resources are bundled or not. Notice that the
$ref keywords from the customer schema have not changed. The only
difference is that the address schema is now defined at
/$defs/address instead of a separate schema document. You couldn't
use #/$defs/address to reference the address schema because if you
unbundled the schema, that reference would no longer point to the
address schema.
.. draft_specific:: -- Draft 4-7 In Draft 4-7, both of these URIs are valid because a subschema ``$id`` only represented a base URI change, not an embedded schema. However, even though it's allowed, it's still highly recommended that JSON Pointers don't cross a schema with a base URI change.
You should also see that "$ref": "#/definitions/state" resolves to
the definitions keyword in the address schema rather than the one
at the top level schema like it would if the embedded schema wasn't
used.
Each Schema Resource is evaluated independently and may use different
JSON Schema dialects. The example above has the address Schema
Resource using Draft 7 while the customer Schema Resource uses Draft
2020-12. If no $schema is declared in an embedded schema, it
defaults to using the dialect of the parent schema.
.. draft_specific:: -- Draft 4-7 In Draft 4-7, a subschema ``$id`` is just a base URI change and not considered an independent Schema Resource. Because ``$schema`` is only allowed at the root of a Schema Resource, all schemas bundled using subschema ``$id`` must use the same dialect.