Python and notebook basics.ipynb

{
 "cells": [
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Hi\n",
    "\n",
    "This is a Jupyter notebook. There are a number of projects like Jupyter, and they dive some pretty amazing power to do what Donald Knuth called [literate programming](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Literate_programming).\n",
    "\n",
    "Jupyter notebooks can have code, text, images, and lots of fun other stuff. For example, here is a giant ball of stuff:\n",
    "\n",
    "![Complicated](https://chris.mutel.org/images/ecoinvent-small.png)\n",
    "\n",
    "This cell is in markdown, a text formatting language. [Here is a Markdown cheat sheet](https://github.com/adam-p/markdown-here/wiki/Markdown-Cheatsheet). \n",
    "\n",
    "Each cell can have it own formatting; you can change formatting with keyboard shortcuts or by selecting a format in the bar above.\n",
    "\n",
    "You can move up and down cells with the arrow keys. Hit <return> to edit a cell (or double-click the cell). In edit mode, the cell highlighting will change from blue to green. Edit this cell and add some text here:\n",
    "\n",
    "## Change me!\n",
    "\n",
    "Why are life in general so hard!!!!\n",
    "\n",
    "Hit <esc> to exit edit mode."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Keyboard shortcuts\n",
    "\n",
    "While in command mode (not in edit mode), click on `Help > Keyboard Shortcuts` to get an overview of the keyboard shortcuts. You can also find a quick `User Interface Tour` in the `Help` menu."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Executing cells\n",
    "\n",
    "Executing a markdown cell will format the text; executing a Python will run the Python code. Use <shift + enter> to execute a single cell. Use the `Cell` menu to run multiple cells at once.\n",
    "\n",
    "You can also interrupt or restart a cell's execution. For example the following cell will never finish; you will have to interrupt or restart the kernel to stop it.\n",
    "\n",
    "*Exercise*: Run the following cell, and then interrupt it."
   ]
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     "text": [
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n",
      "This is the song that never ends...\n",
      "\n",
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n",
      "This is the song that never ends...\n",
      "\n",
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n",
      "This is the song that never ends...\n",
      "\n",
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n",
      "This is the song that never ends...\n",
      "\n",
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n",
      "This is the song that never ends...\n",
      "\n",
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n",
      "This is the song that never ends...\n",
      "\n",
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n",
      "This is the song that never ends...\n",
      "\n",
      "It just goes on and on my friends\n",
      "Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\n",
      "And they'll continue singing it forever just because\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "ename": "KeyboardInterrupt",
     "evalue": "",
     "output_type": "error",
     "traceback": [
      "\u001b[1;31m---------------------------------------------------------------------------\u001b[0m",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m                         Traceback (most recent call last)",
      "Cell \u001b[1;32mIn[1], line 13\u001b[0m\n\u001b[0;32m     11\u001b[0m \u001b[38;5;28;01mfor\u001b[39;00m line \u001b[38;5;129;01min\u001b[39;00m LINES:\n\u001b[0;32m     12\u001b[0m     \u001b[38;5;28mprint\u001b[39m(line)\n\u001b[1;32m---> 13\u001b[0m     \u001b[43mtime\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m.\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43msleep\u001b[49m\u001b[43m(\u001b[49m\u001b[38;5;241;43m0.5\u001b[39;49m\u001b[43m)\u001b[49m\n",
      "\u001b[1;31mKeyboardInterrupt\u001b[0m: "
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "import time\n",
    "\n",
    "LINES = [\n",
    "    \"It just goes on and on my friends\",\n",
    "    \"Some people started singing it, not knowing what it was\",\n",
    "    \"And they'll continue singing it forever just because\",\n",
    "    \"This is the song that never ends...\\n\",\n",
    "]\n",
    "\n",
    "while True:\n",
    "    for line in LINES:\n",
    "        print(line)\n",
    "        time.sleep(0.5)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Clear cell outputs\n",
    "\n",
    "Use the menu item `Cell > Current Outputs` or `Cell > All Output` to clear noisy cell output.\n",
    "\n",
    "# Extensions\n",
    "\n",
    "We will look at this together.\n",
    "\n",
    "# More on Jupyter notebooks\n",
    "\n",
    "There is a lot more cool stuff about Jupyter notebooks, and more is being added every day!"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Python\n",
    "\n",
    "Here are some basic data types in Python"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 2,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[int, float, str, bytes]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 2,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Integers\n",
    "a = 1\n",
    "\n",
    "# Floating point numbers\n",
    "b = 3.1415926535897926333e0\n",
    "\n",
    "# Strings\n",
    "c = \"And she was like '🙈', and I was like '👽!'\"\n",
    "\n",
    "# Bytes\n",
    "d = b'\\xc3\\xa9\\xe0\\xaf\\xb2\\xe0\\xbe\\x84\\xe1\\x9d\\xb0\\xe3\\x8e\\xaf'\n",
    "\n",
    "# List\n",
    "e = [a, b, c, d]\n",
    "\n",
    "# Tuple\n",
    "f = (a, b, c, d)\n",
    "\n",
    "#List comprehenshion (makes a list)\n",
    "[type(element) for element in e]"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Strings and tuples are immutable - they can't be changed, only replaced."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 3,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2591624727024\n",
      "2591703421936\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "a = \"1\"\n",
    "print(id(a))\n",
    "a += \"2\"\n",
    "print(id(a))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Contrast with lists:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 4,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2591724833536\n",
      "2591724833536\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(id(e))\n",
    "e.append(42)\n",
    "print(id(e))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Both lists and tuples can indexed, but only lists can have values replaced by index"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 5,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(1,\n",
       " 3.1415926535897927,\n",
       " \"And she was like '🙈', and I was like '👽!'\",\n",
       " b'\\xc3\\xa9\\xe0\\xaf\\xb2\\xe0\\xbe\\x84\\xe1\\x9d\\xb0\\xe3\\x8e\\xaf',\n",
       " 1,\n",
       " 3.1415926535897927,\n",
       " \"And she was like '🙈', and I was like '👽!'\",\n",
       " b'\\xc3\\xa9\\xe0\\xaf\\xb2\\xe0\\xbe\\x84\\xe1\\x9d\\xb0\\xe3\\x8e\\xaf')"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 5,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "e[0] = 1e100\n",
    "e\n",
    "f + f"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Immutability is important, because it is a guarantee that the contents can't change.\n",
    "\n",
    "Python also has sets and dictionaries (hash tables)."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 6,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "(set, dict)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 6,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "# Set\n",
    "g = {2, 1, 0}\n",
    "\n",
    "# Dictionary\n",
    "h = {1: 2, \"foo\": \"bar\"}\n",
    "\n",
    "type(g), type(h)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 7,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
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   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "{(1, 2): 1}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 7,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{(1,2): 1}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can retrieve dictionary values by using their keys:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 8,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "2\n"
     ]
    },
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "'yep'"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 8,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "print(h[1])\n",
    "h['Nope'] = 'yep'\n",
    "h['Nope']"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can also iterate over dictionaries:"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 9,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 <class 'int'>\n",
      "foo <class 'str'>\n",
      "Nope <class 'str'>\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "for key in h:\n",
    "    print(key, type(key))"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 10,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
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   "outputs": [
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       " 950: 951,\n",
       " 951: 952,\n",
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       " 970: 971,\n",
       " 971: 972,\n",
       " 972: 973,\n",
       " 973: 974,\n",
       " 974: 975,\n",
       " 975: 976,\n",
       " 976: 977,\n",
       " 977: 978,\n",
       " 978: 979,\n",
       " 979: 980,\n",
       " 980: 981,\n",
       " 981: 982,\n",
       " 982: 983,\n",
       " 983: 984,\n",
       " 984: 985,\n",
       " 985: 986,\n",
       " 986: 987,\n",
       " 987: 988,\n",
       " 988: 989,\n",
       " 989: 990,\n",
       " 990: 991,\n",
       " 991: 992,\n",
       " 992: 993,\n",
       " 993: 994,\n",
       " 994: 995,\n",
       " 995: 996,\n",
       " 996: 997,\n",
       " 997: 998,\n",
       " 998: 999,\n",
       " 999: 1000}"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 10,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{x: x + 1 for x in range(1000)}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "You can also do set and dictionary comprehensions"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 11,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "1 2\n",
      "foo bar\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "my_list = [(1, 2), ('foo', 'bar')]\n",
    "for x, y in my_list:\n",
    "    print(x, y)"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 12,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "({'a', 'b', 'c', 'd'}, {1: 2, 'foo': 'bar'})"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 12,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "{x for x in 'abcd'}, {x: y for x, y in [(1, 2), ('foo', 'bar')]}"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "# Functions\n",
    "\n",
    "Define functions with `def`. Functions should return something; otherwise they return `None`."
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 13,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "('something', None)"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 13,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def foo():\n",
    "    return \"something\"\n",
    "\n",
    "def bar():\n",
    "    pass\n",
    "\n",
    "foo(), bar()"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 14,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
     "outputs_hidden": false
    }
   },
   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
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       "<function __main__.foo()>"
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   "source": [
    "foo"
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   "source": [
    "Functions can take arguments:"
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": 15,
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "data": {
      "text/plain": [
       "[1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2, 1, 2]"
      ]
     },
     "execution_count": 15,
     "metadata": {},
     "output_type": "execute_result"
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   ],
   "source": [
    "def  rosti(arg):\n",
    "    return arg * 10\n",
    "\n",
    "rosti([1,2])"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "code",
   "execution_count": 16,
   "metadata": {
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "{'today': 'Wednesday', 'tom': 'Person'}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def f(**kwargs):\n",
    "    print(kwargs)\n",
    "    \n",
    "f(today='Wednesday', tom='Person')"
   ]
  },
  {
   "cell_type": "markdown",
   "metadata": {},
   "source": []
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    "They can also take optional arguments:"
   ]
  },
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   "execution_count": 17,
   "metadata": {
    "collapsed": false,
    "jupyter": {
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   "outputs": [
    {
     "name": "stdout",
     "output_type": "stream",
     "text": [
      "(1, 2)\n",
      "{'this': 'that'}\n"
     ]
    }
   ],
   "source": [
    "def foo(*args, **kwargs):\n",
    "    print(args)\n",
    "    print(kwargs)\n",
    "\n",
    "foo(1, 2, this='that')"
   ]
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   "metadata": {},
   "source": [
    "Of course, there is a lot more to learn, these are only the basics..."
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