Add Disjoint Set / Union-Find implementation with path compression and union by rank #12208
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This pull request introduces a Disjoint Set (Union-Find) implementation in Python, utilizing path compression and union by rank techniques to efficiently manage disjoint sets. This data structure is essential for solving problems involving connected components in graphs, particularly in algorithms such as Kruskal's for Minimum Spanning Trees.
Checklist:
I have read CONTRIBUTING.md.
This pull request is all my own work -- I have not plagiarized.
I know that pull requests will not be merged if they fail the automated tests.
This PR only changes one algorithm file.
All new Python files are placed inside an existing directory.
All filenames are in all lowercase characters with no spaces or dashes.
All functions and variable names follow Python naming conventions.
All function parameters and return values are annotated with Python type hints.
All functions have doctests that pass the automated testing.
All new algorithms include at least one URL that points to Wikipedia or another similar explanation.