Merge branch 'master' of https://github.com/chinacomx/lianhuanhuatran…

…slations

.github/dependabot.yml

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+# To get started with Dependabot version updates, you'll need to specify which
+# package ecosystems to update and where the package manifests are located.
+# Please see the documentation for all configuration options:
+# https://docs.github.com/github/administering-a-repository/configuration-options-for-dependency-updates
+
+version: 2
+updates:
+  - package-ecosystem: "gitsubmodule" # See documentation for possible values
+    directory: "/" # Location of package manifests
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"
+
+
+  - package-ecosystem: "github-actions" # See documentation for possible values
+    directory: "/" # Location of package manifests
+    schedule:
+      interval: "weekly"

.github/workflows/gh-pages.yml

@@ -0,0 +1,52 @@
+name: GitHub Pages
+
+on:
+  push:
+    branches:
+      - main  # Set a branch to deploy
+  pull_request:
+
+jobs:
+  deploy:
+    runs-on: ubuntu-latest
+    concurrency:
+      group: ${{ github.workflow }}-${{ github.ref }}
+    steps:
+      - uses: actions/checkout@v4
+        with:
+          submodules: true  # Fetch Hugo themes (true OR recursive)
+          fetch-depth: 0    # Fetch all history for .GitInfo and .Lastmod
+
+      - name: Setup Hugo
+        uses: peaceiris/actions-hugo@v2
+        with:
+          hugo-version: 'latest'
+          extended: true
+
+      - name: Set up Node
+        uses: actions/setup-node@v4
+        with:
+          node-version: 18
+
+      - name: Install tools
+        run: |
+          sudo apt install curl jq
+          npm i -g postcss postcss-cli autoprefixer
+
+      - uses: actions/cache@v4
+        with:
+          path: /tmp/hugo_cache
+          key: ${{ runner.os }}-hugomod-${{ hashFiles('**/go.sum') }}
+          restore-keys: |
+            ${{ runner.os }}-hugomod-
+
+      - name: Build
+        run: hugo --minify
+
+      - name: Deploy
+        uses: peaceiris/actions-gh-pages@v3
+        if: ${{ github.ref == 'refs/heads/main' }}
+        with:
+          github_token: ${{ secrets.GITHUB_TOKEN }}
+          publish_dir: ./public
+          allow_empty_commit: true

.gitmodules

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+[submodule "themes/hugo-book"]
+	path = themes/hugo-book
+	url = https://github.com/alex-shpak/hugo-book
+	branch = feature/prev-next

archetypes/default.md

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++++
+title = '{{ replace .File.ContentBaseName "-" " " | title }}'
+date = {{ .Date }}
+draft = true
++++

assets/_custom.scss

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+/* You can add custom styles here. */
+
+.invert {
+    filter: invert(100%);
+}

content/_index.md

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+---
+title: "READCHINA: lianhuanhua"
+type: docs
+---
+
+# READCHINA: lianhuanhua
+
+## Chinese Comics in Translation
+
+TEST-LINE-TO-BE-DELETED
+TEST-LINE-TO-BE-DELETED
+TEST-LINE-TO-BE-DELETED
+
+For most of the 20<sup>th</sup> century, pocket size comic books (*lianhuanhua* 连环画, often literally translated as "linked images") were an integral part of Chinese everyday reading culture, providing readers with entertainment, information and/or political instruction. Established as such throughout the 1920s and 1930s, after 1949 these comic books continued to range from adaptations of literary texts or films to hagiographies of socialist heroes like Lei Feng to stories propagating the usefulness of using fertilizer in agricultural production. Published as handy pocket-sized booklets, they were shared among children and adult readers alike to be read at street stall libraries or at work units after hours. *Lianhuanhua* production was massive, with an estimated 50.000 titles published since the founding of the PRC. Moreover, one in three books published in 1986 was a comic!
+
+*Lianhuanhua* were indeed quite popular reading material. To provide contemporary readers and researchers with a glimpse into the vast Chinese comic culture, the READCHINA project publishes a number of exemplary comics from the Mao and early post-Mao years with English translations on this webpage. We hope that these translations will spur further interest and research into this diverse, relevant and, very often, entertaining medium.
+
+During the Mao years, Beijing Foreign Languages Publishing House published translations of comics into various foreign languages. In addition, the 1970s saw a few translations published outside China (most notably a translation into Italian published by Gino Nebiolo et al and retranslated into English and German; and a translation of excerpts of *lianhuanhua* into German prepared by Wolfgang Bauer). Today, more *lianhuanhua* in translation can be found online, such as:
+
+- *Into the Tiger’s Den* 深入虎穴, adapted from the novel by Qu Bo 曲波 *Tracks in the Snowy Forest* 林海雪原: [https://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/into-the-tigers-den/](https://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/into-the-tigers-den/)
+
+- Zhuang Guanyu's *Manhua Journey to the West*: [https://www.nickstember.com/manhua-journey-west-part-1-6/](https://www.nickstember.com/manhua-journey-west-part-1-6/)
+
+- Chinese *lianhuanhua* adaptation of *Star Wars*: [https://www.nickstember.com/chinese-star-wars-comic-part-1-6](https://www.nickstember.com/chinese-star-wars-comic-part-1-6)
+
+- A *lianhuanhua* adaptation of the science fiction story *Little Smarty Travels to the Future* by Ye Yonglie: [https://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/little-smarty-travels-to-the-future](https://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/little-smarty-travels-to-the-future)
+
+- A *lianhuanhua* adaptation of the scar literature short story *Maple* by Zheng Yi: [https://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/maple](https://u.osu.edu/mclc/online-series/maple)
+
+## Further Reading
+
+For further reading on Chinese graphic narratives, including *lianhuanhua* but also the cartoon-like genre of *manhua* 漫画 and others, see for example:
+
+Altehenger, Jennifer 2012: "Kopieren für die Revolution: Die Cartoonreproduktionskampagne in der Volksrepublik China 1950-52", in: Henningsen, Lena, Martin Hofmann \[ed.\]: *Tradition? Variation? Plagiat? Motive und ihre Adaption in China,* (Jahrbuch der Deutschen Vereinigung für Chinastudien 6), Wiesbaden: Harrassowitz, 2012, 295-307.
+
+Altehenger, Jennifer 2013: "A Socialist Satire: Manhua Magazine and Political Cartoon Production in the PRC, 1950--1960", in: *Frontiers of History in China*, Vol.8, no.1, 77-102.
+
+Bauer, Wolfgang \[ed.\] 1976: *Chinesische Comics: Gespenster, Mörder, Klassenfeinde* (translated by Wolfgang Bauer), Düsseldorf: Eugen Diederichs Verlag.
+
+Bi, Keguan 毕克官 1982: *History of Chinese Comics* 中国漫画史话, Jinan: Shandong renmin chubanshe.
+
+Chen, Minjie 2012: "Chinese *Lian Huan Hua* and Literacy: Popular Culture Meets Youth Literature" in: Cynthia B. Leung, Jiening Ruan \[eds.\]: *Perspectices on Teaching and Learning Chinese Literacy in China*, New York: Springer, 157-181.
+
+Chen, Minjie 2015: "Linked Pictures: A Genre of Chinese Illustrated Books", in: Cotsen Children's Library, Princeton University, [https://blogs.princeton.edu/cotsen/2015/06/chinese-illustrated-books/](https://blogs.princeton.edu/cotsen/2015/06/chinese-illustrated-books/), June 19, 2015, last access 2021-02-10.
+
+Crespi, John A. 2020: *Manhua Modernity: Chinese Culture and the Pictorial Turn*, Oakland: University of California Press.
+
+Farquhar, Mary Ann 1999: *Children's Literature in China: From Lu Xun to Mao Zedong*, Armonk: Routledge.
+
+Guleva, Mariia 2021: "How to Deal with a Good Child? Prescribed Normality in Images of Children and Child-Adult Relations in Manhua Magazine, 1950-1960,"in: *The Journal of the European Association for Chinese Studies*, no. 30, 37-82.
+
+Harder, Hans, Barbara Mittler \[eds.\] 2013: Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair, Berlin: Springer.
+
+Lent, John A. 1994: "Comic Art", in: Dingbo Wu, Patrick D. Murphy \[eds.\]: Handbook of Chinese Popular Culture, Westport: Greenwood Press, 279-306.
+
+Lent, John A. 2010: "Manga in East Asia", in Toni Johnson-Woods \[ed.\]: Manga: An Anthology of Global and Cultural Perspectives, New York, Continuum 297-314.
+
+Lent, John A. 2021: "Women and Asian Comic Art: Gendered Genres, Female Portrayals, and the Creative Industries", in: Benjamin Woo, Jeremy Stoll \[eds.\]: *The Comics World: Comic Books, Graphic Novels, and Their Publics*, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi, 32-50.
+
+Lent, John A., Xu Ying 2017: *Comics Art in China*, Jackson: University Press of Mississippi.
+
+Mandzunowski, Damian 2019: "Caricatures Criticizing the Gang of Four: Contributors and Publications", in: *The Maoist Legacy*, [https://maoistlegacy.de/db/caricatures-criticizing-the-gang-of-four](https://maoistlegacy.de/db/caricatures-criticizing-the-gang-of-four), 1 February 2019, last access February 4, 2022.
+
+Mandzunowski, Damian 2018: "Wang, Zhang, Jiang, and Yao in Caricatures: A Close-Up View", in: *The Maoist Legacy*, 1 November 2018, [https://maoistlegacy.de/db/exhibits/show/manhua-closeup](https://maoistlegacy.de/db/exhibits/show/manhua-closeup), last access February 4, 2022.
+
+Mandzunowski, Damian 2018: "The Visual Language of the Caricatures Criticizing the Gang of Four", in: *The Maoist Legacy*, 1 September 2018, [https://maoistlegacy.de/db/exhibits/show/manhua-visuallanguage](https://maoistlegacy.de/db/exhibits/show/manhua-visuallanguage), last access February 4, 2022.
+
+Mandzunowski, Damian 2018: "Caricatures Criticizing the Gang of Four," in: *The Maoist Legacy*, 1 June 2018, [https://www.maoistlegacy.de/db/caricatures-criticizing-the-gang-of-four](https://www.maoistlegacy.de/db/caricatures-criticizing-the-gang-of-four), last access February 4, 2022.
+
+Nebiolo, Gino, Jean Chesneaux, Umberto Eco \[eds.\] 1971: *I Fumetti di Mao*, Bari: Laterza & Figli.
+
+Nebiolo, Gino 1972: *Das Mädchen aus der Volkskommune* (translated from Italian by Arno Widman, with an introduction by Gino Nebiolo and commentaries by Jean. Chesneaux and Umberto Eco): Reinbek: Rowohlt.
+
+Nebiolo, Gino, Jean Chesneaux, Umberto Eco \[eds.\] 1972: *The People\'s Comic Book: Red Women\'s Detachment, Hot on the Trail and Other Chinese Comics* (translated from Italian by Endymion Wilkinson and Frances Frenaye, with an introduction by Gino Nebiolo), New York: Anchor Press.
+
+Rea, Christopher G. 2013: "'He'll Roast All Subjects that may need the Roasting': Puck and Mr. Punch in Nineteenth-Century China", in: Hans Harder, Barbara Mittler \[eds.\]: Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair, Berlin: Springer, 389-422.
+
+Seifert, Andreas 2008: *Bildergeschichten für Chinas Massen: Comic und Comicproduktion im 20. Jahrhundert*, Köln: Böhlau Verlag.
+
+Seifert, Andreas 2015: "Aufstieg und Fall der Lianhuanhua", in: Reddition: Zeitschrift für Graphische Literatur, Vol.32, no.63, 4-29.
+
+Stember, Nick 2014: "Don't Call it 'Manga': A Short Intro to Chinese Comics and Manga", in: *Nick Stember*, March 19, 2014, [https://www.nickstember.com/dont-call-manga-short-introduction-chinese-comics-manhua/](https://www.nickstember.com/dont-call-manga-short-introduction-chinese-comics-manhua/), last access February 22, 2022.
+
+Tan, Xiyuan, 2019: "*Guoxue* Comics: Visualising Philosophical Concepts and Cultural Values through Sequential Narratives", in: *The Comics Grid: Journal of Comics Scholarship* 9:1, 11. doi: [10.16995/cg.149](https://doi.org/10.16995/cg.149).
+
+Wu, I-Wei 2013: "Participating in Global Affairs: The Chinese Cartoon Monthly *Shanghai Puck*", in: Hans Harder, Barbara Mittler \[eds.\]: Asian Punches: A Transcultural Affair, Berlin: Springer, 365-388.
+
+## Acknowledgements
+
+The translations published here were produced in joint translation projects by students at the Institute of Chinese Studies, University of Freiburg, supervised by Lena Henningsen. The webpage was set up by Duncan Paterson. We acknowledge the support of the ERC-funded project "The Politics of Reading in the People's Republic of China" (READCHINA, Grant agreement No. 757365/SH5: 2018-2023).
+
+Special thanks go to our colleagues Matthias Arnold and Hanno Lecher from the Centre for Asian and Transcultural Studies (CATS), Heidelberg University, for providing us with high resolution scans of the comics which are part of the [Seifert collection](https://www.asia-europe.uni-heidelberg.de/en/research/heidelberg-research-architecture/projects/hra14-chinese-comics/the-seifert-collection.html).
+
+We have taken much effort to contact the publishers of the respective comics in order to acquire permission by the copyright holder to publish the pages online. We regret that we have not received responses to our inquiries. If you believe that copyrights are not being respected, please send an email message to: [readchina"at"mail.sinologie.uni-freiburg.de](mailto:[email protected]). We will respond as soon as possible and will work with you to either accredit the material correctly or remove it entirely.

content/biao/A-translation-notes.md

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+---
+title: About the translation
+---
+
+This translation is the outcome of a joint translation project taught in the winter of 2020/2021 at the University of Freiburg. Our aim in this translation was to remain as faithful as possible to the Chinese original while at the same time conveying a tone of narration in line with a comic book addressed to young readers based on a "classical" piece of children's literature. As the story takes place in early 20<sup>th</sup> century Russia, the given names of the characters are given in Russian. To allow for an undisturbed reading experience, we decided against the use of footnotes, though two items may call for explanation:
+
+Page [63](https://readchina.github.io/comics/biao/b-page-63/) refers to the Paris Commune Memorial Day. The Paris Commune was an attempt of establishing a revolutionary government in Paris after the Franco-Prussian War in 1871. It ended 72 days after its establishment in bloodshed carried out by the troops of the Third French Republic. Throughout the 20<sup>th</sup> century, it has been glorified as a model for socialist revolutions.
+
+As is common in Chinese literary practice, page [12](https://readchina.github.io/comics/biao/b-page-12/) contains a Chinese idiom that refers to the premodern Chinese literary tradition: "The wise man was right about gaining profit by misfortune" (聪明人说得对，因祸得福。) This idiom (which is not present in Lu Xun's translation of the story) expresses how bad luck eventually turns into something fortunate. Alternatively, the idiom is often translated as "a fault on the right side" or "a blessing in disguise". It can be traced back to a passage in the "Guan Yan biographies" (Guan yan liezhuan, 管晏列传) in the *Records of the Grand Historian* (*Shiji* 史记), written by the historian Sima Qian (司马迁, c. 145 -- c. 86 BC).

content/biao/B-cover.md

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+---
+title: Front and back cover
+---
+
+![biao cover](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0001_0.jpg)
+
+![biao cover](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0084_0.jpg)

content/biao/B-front.md

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+---
+title: Frontmatter
+---
+
+![biao front](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0003_0.jpg)
+
+![biao front](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0004_0.jpg)

content/biao/B-page-01.md

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+---
+title: Page 01
+---
+
+![biao front](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0005_001.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+彼蒂加对做过的事情都糊涂得很。他在市场里到处走，什么都想过了。他又懊恼、又伤心。他饿得很，想买点儿吃的，可是口袋里一分钱也没有。
+
+<--->
+
+Petka was confused about the things he had done. He walked around the marketplace thinking about all sorts of things. He was frustrated and sad. He was terribly hungry and wanted to buy something to eat, but he did not have any money in his pocket.
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-02.md

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+---
+title: Page 02
+---
+
+![biao front](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0006_002.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+忽然，他看见一个女人在卖蛋饼，那蛋饼焦黄、松脆，还冒着热气。他馋得直流 口涎，于是走过去，拿起一个蛋饼，嗅了一嗅，塞在袋子里，转身走开了。
+
+<--->
+
+All of a sudden, he saw a woman selling pancakes which were brown, crisp and gave off hot steam. His mouth was watering, so he went and took one of the pancakes, smelled it, stuffed it in his pocket, turned around and walked away.
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-03.md

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+---
+title: Page 03
+---
+
+![biao front](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0007_003.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+那女人追了过来，一把抓住他的肩膀，嚷道：“你偷东西！还我蛋饼！”
+
+<--->
+
+The woman chased after him, grabbed his shoulder and shouted: "You thief! Give back my pancake!"
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-04.md

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+---
+title: Page 04
+---
+
+![biao front](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0008_004.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+随着那女人的叫嚷声，一下子围上一大群人。人们把他拖在地上，毒打了一顿，接着又把他拉到警察局去。
+
+<--->
+
+Following the woman's shouting, a group of people immediately gathered around them. They dragged him to the floor, beat him relentlessly and took him to the police station.
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-05.md

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+---
+title: Page 05
+---
+
+![biao front](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0009_005.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+他被拘留了。他仰望窗外清朗、明净和蓝的发亮的天空，苦恼在脑子里打转：人生是多么糟糕！只为了一个蛋饼……他只等待着临头的命运。
+
+<--->
+
+He was held in custody and looked outside the window at the bright, clear and shining sky as his sorrows were whirling around his head: "Life is so terrible! Only for a pancake…" He was just waiting for his impending fate.
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-06.md

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+---
+title: Page 06
+---
+
+![biao page](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0010_006.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+忽然，传来一阵敲击木头隔板的声音：“老爷！同志！放我出去吧！看在老天爷面上！我的孩子们在等我呢！”一股浓烈的酒气涌了过来。原来那是个醉汉。
+
+<--->
+
+Suddenly, he noticed a tapping sound on the wooden wall: "Masters! Comrades! Let me out! In the name of God! My children are waiting for me!" A wave of boozy breath came over. It turned out to be a drunkard.
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-07.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: Page 07
+---
+
+![biao page](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0011_007.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+真是可笑极了。“傻瓜，”彼蒂加说，“我怎么能放你出去呢？我也是像你一样，关在这里的呀！”
+
+<--->
+
+This was ridiculous! "You fool", Petka said, "how can I let you out? I am locked up in here just like you!"
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-08.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: Page 08
+---
+
+![biao page](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0012_008.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+“局长同志，请您放我出去吧！你瞧，这是多好的一块金表呀！”果然，从板缝里伸过一只手，手掌里托着一块闪闪发光的金表。表链上还挂着各式各样的小玩艺。
+
+<--->
+
+"Comrade director, please let me free! Look at this wonderful golden watch!" Sure enough, there was a hand reaching through the gap in the wall. There was a twisting sparkling golden watch in its palm. All sorts of little charms were hanging on the watch chain.
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-09.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: Page 09
+---
+
+ ![biao page](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0013_009.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+彼蒂加清晰地听到那表滴答地响，他的心也跟着猛跳起来。“嘿，真走运！”他抓过表，快活得喘不过气，血忽地涌到小脑瓜里去了。
+
+<--->
+
+Petka could clearly hear the watch ticking, and his heart started to beat in time with the watch. "How lucky!" He grabbed the watch so happy he could hardly breathe, and suddenly the blood rushed to his head.
+
+{{< /columns >}}

content/biao/B-page-10.md

@@ -0,0 +1,15 @@
+---
+title: Page 10
+---
+
+![biao page](./../../images/biao/seifert0726_biao_0014_010.jpg)
+
+{{< columns >}}
+
+那醉汉顿着脚，好像给枪剌着一样大叫着：“救命呀！强盗……”彼蒂加吓坏了，紧紧抓着那块表。忽然，他想出了一个好主意。
+
+<--->
+
+The drunkard stomped his feet and yelled as if he had been stabbed: "Ah, help! Bandits..." Petka was scared and held the watch tightly. All of a sudden, he had a good idea.
+
+{{< /columns >}}