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golanlevin · Sep 17, 2024 · 226bdad · 226bdad
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diff --git a/docs/Lenses.md b/docs/Lenses.md
@@ -1,7 +1,10 @@
-###Optical lenses
+###Optical lenses 
+Compiled by Nica Ross
 
-- **Convex (Converging) Lenses**
-- ![convex](images/convex_lens.jpg)
+**Convex (Converging) Lenses**
+-
+![convex](images/convex_lens.jpg)
+
   - **Shape:** Thicker in the middle than at the edges.
   - **Function:** Convex lenses converge light rays to a focal point. They are used to magnify objects or focus light, as seen in magnifying glasses, cameras, and human eyes.
   - **Applications:**
@@ -11,7 +14,10 @@
     - Telescopes
     - Microscopes
 
-- **Concave (Diverging) Lenses**
+**Concave (Diverging) Lenses**
+- 
+![concave](images/concave.jpg)
+
   - **Shape:** Thinner in the middle than at the edges.
   - **Function:** Concave lenses diverge light rays, making them spread out. They make objects appear smaller and are used to correct nearsightedness or to spread light over a larger area.
   - **Applications:**
@@ -21,57 +27,69 @@
     - Binoculars (part of the optical system)
 
 - **Plano-Convex Lenses**
+- 
+![plano-convex](images/planoconvexlens.png)
+
   - **Shape:** One side is flat (plano), and the other is convex.
-  - **Function:** They focus light on a point on the flat side, commonly used for focusing or collimating light.
+  - **Function:** A plano-convex lens is primarily used to focus parallel light rays (such as those from a distant object or light source) into a single point. This occurs because the convex surface of the lens bends the incoming light rays toward the optical axis, while the flat side minimizes additional refraction. The result is a sharp focus, which is essential in many imaging and projection systems.
   - **Applications:**
     - Laser systems
     - Collimators
     - Projectors
 
 - **Plano-Concave Lenses**
+-
+![plano-concave](images/planoconcavelens.png)
+
   - **Shape:** One side is flat (plano), and the other is concave.
   - **Function:** They diverge light and are often used to expand light beams.
   - **Applications:**
     - Beam expanders in lasers
     - Optical instruments to diverge beams
 
-- **Biconvex (Double Convex) Lenses**
-  - **Shape:** Both sides are convex.
-  - **Function:** They converge light rays more strongly than a plano-convex lens and are used for focusing light.
-  - **Applications:**
-    - Magnifying glasses
-    - Simple camera lenses
-    - Imaging systems
+-
+## Lensing in DIY Microscopy
 
-- **Biconcave (Double Concave) Lenses**
-  - **Shape:** Both sides are concave.
-  - **Function:** They diverge light strongly and are used when a strong diverging effect is needed.
-  - **Applications:**
-    - Optical instruments where light needs to be spread out
-    - Laser beam expanders
+**Critical Illumination**
+![critical illumination diagram](images/Critical_Illumination.png)
+Critical illumination in microscopy is a technique used to focus light directly onto the specimen. In this method, the light source itself (such as a lamp filament) is imaged onto the specimen, creating a bright and focused beam of light.
 
-- **Cylindrical Lenses**
-  - **Shape:** Cylindrical lenses have curvature in only one direction (like part of a cylinder).
-  - **Function:** They focus light into a line rather than a point and are used in applications where light needs to be spread or focused along a single axis.
-  - **Applications:**
-    - Laser scanning
-    - Astigmatism correction in glasses
-    - Optical data storage
+- Note: Critical illumination actually forms an image of the light source on the specimen to illuminate it. Any imperfections in the light source (such as uneven brightness or shadows) may be visible in the final image, leading to non-uniform illumination.
+- The sun makes a great even light source with few imperfections!
+- Contemporary microscopes use "Köhler illumination" which uses additional lenses in order to separate the image of the light source from the image of the specimen.
 
-- **Aspheric Lenses**
-  - **Shape:** The surface curvature changes progressively from the center to the edges, unlike spherical lenses.
-  - **Function:** They reduce spherical aberration, allowing for a sharper focus.
-  - **Applications:**
-    - High-quality camera lenses
-    - Telescope lenses
-    - Corrective lenses in eyeglasses
+- **Condenser Lens**
+
+The condenser lens in the microscope collects light from the source and focuses it directly onto the specimen. This allows for a brightly lit field, making it useful for observing specimens that require high brightness.
+
+![condenser](images/condenserlens.jpg)
+
+- **Projection**
+
+![projection](images/projection.jpg)
+
+Projector lenses rely heavily on **convex** lenses to enlarge the image as it emerges from the specimen. The nature of the convex lens flips the image - like the camera obscura.
+
+![projection](images/convexupsidedown.jpg) 
+
+##Building the Scioptic Scope##
+This process was modeled after William Gurstelle's instructional [How to Build a Solar Microscope](https://www.popsci.com/build-solar-microscope/).
+
+![microscope baker](images/solar-microscope-02-baker.jpg)
+Solar microscope Illustration from Henry Baker’s The Microscope Made Easy, 1742.
+
+A solar microscope is a type of projection microscope that uses sunlight as its light source. The light is directed through the microscope's lenses onto a specimen, and the magnified image is projected onto a screen or wall. This allowed for large groups of people to view the same magnified image simultaneously, which was a significant advancement for educational and demonstration purposes at the time.
+
+Optical enlargement for the single eye began in the 1500s but the Solar Microscope began to be widely used in the mid-1700s.
+
+![solar microscope](images/solarmicro.jpg)
+![solar microscope hople](images/scopehole.jpg)
+![seed image](images/seedscope.jpg)
+
+##Making Slides##
+
+How to make slides by hand and using a manual microtome.
+[Compliation of Instructionals by ThomasTKtungnung](https://drive.google.com/file/d/1imMkkpWks-OOIdRK-Pr8M9Hwngi8Q9Tb/view?usp=sharing)
+![Microtome](images/microtome.png)
 
-- **Meniscus Lenses**
-  - **Shape:** Curved on both sides, but with one surface being concave and the other convex.
-  - **Function:** They can either converge or diverge light, depending on the relative curvatures of the two surfaces.
-  - **Applications:**
-    - Eyeglasses (to minimize distortion)
-    - Telescopes
 
-Each lens type manipulates light differently, and their specific applications depend on the needs of the optical system, such as magnification, correction of vision, focusing, or light dispersion.
-```
diff --git a/docs/images/Critical_Illumination.png b/docs/images/Critical_Illumination.png
diff --git a/docs/images/condenserlens.jpg b/docs/images/condenserlens.jpg
diff --git a/docs/images/convexupsidedown.jpg b/docs/images/convexupsidedown.jpg
diff --git a/docs/images/microtome.png b/docs/images/microtome.png
diff --git a/docs/images/planoconcavelens.png b/docs/images/planoconcavelens.png
diff --git a/docs/images/planoconvexlens.png b/docs/images/planoconvexlens.png
diff --git a/docs/images/projection.jpg b/docs/images/projection.jpg
diff --git a/docs/images/scopehole.JPG b/docs/images/scopehole.JPG
diff --git a/docs/images/seedscope.JPG b/docs/images/seedscope.JPG
diff --git a/docs/images/solar-microscope-02-baker.jpg b/docs/images/solar-microscope-02-baker.jpg
diff --git a/docs/images/solarmicro.jpg b/docs/images/solarmicro.jpg