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cite Gentner for work on analogies
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draggett authored Dec 29, 2023
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Chunk rules are a form of *production rules* as introduced by [Allen Newell](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allen_Newell) in 1973 in his production system theory of human cognition, which he subsequently developed as the [SOAR](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soar_(cognitive_architecture)) project. [John Anderson](https://www.cmu.edu/dietrich/psychology/people/core-training-faculty/anderson-john.html) published his theory of human associative memory (HAM) in 1973, and inspired by Newell, went on to combine it with a production system to form the *ACT* system in 1976, and developed it further into *ACT-R* in 1993. [ACT-R](http://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/about/) stands for *adaptive control of thought - rational* and has been widely applied to cognitive science experiments as a theory for simulating and understanding human cognition. For more details see <a href="http://act-r.psy.cmu.edu/wordpress/wp-content/uploads/2012/12/526FSQUERY.pdf">An Integrated Theory of the Mind</a>. Chunks, in turn, was inspired by ACT-R, and the realisation that the approach could be adapted for general use in artificial intelligence as the combination of graphs, statistics, rules and graph algorithms.

Credit is also due to [Marvin Minsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky) for his work on frames, metacognition, self-awareness and appreciation of the importance of emotions for controlling cognition, to [Philip Johnson-Laird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson-Laird) for his work on [mental models](https://www.pnas.org/content/107/43/18243) and demonstrating that humans don't reason using logic and probability, but rather by thinking about what is possible, to [George Lakoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff) for his work on [metaphors](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science:_An_Introduction/Metaphor_and_Analogy), and to [Allan Collins](https://allancollins.northwestern.edu/) for his work on plausible reasoning. Cognitive AI has a broader scope than ACT-R and seeks to mimic the human brain as a whole at a functional level, inspired by advances across the cognitive sciences. As such, Cognitive AI can be contrasted with approaches that focus on logic and formal semantics. Cognitive AI can likewise be decoupled from the underlying implementation, as the phenomenological requirements are essentially independent of whether they are realised as explicit graphs, vector spaces or pulsed neural networks, see David Marr's [three levels of analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marr_(neuroscientist)#Levels_of_analysis).
Credit is also due to [Marvin Minsky](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marvin_Minsky) for his work on frames, metacognition, self-awareness and appreciation of the importance of emotions for controlling cognition, to [Philip Johnson-Laird](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip_Johnson-Laird) for his work on [mental models](https://www.pnas.org/content/107/43/18243) and demonstrating that humans don't reason using logic and probability, but rather by thinking about what is possible, to [George Lakoff](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George_Lakoff) for his work on [metaphors](https://en.wikibooks.org/wiki/Cognitive_Science:_An_Introduction/Metaphor_and_Analogy), [Dedre Gentner](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dedre_Gentner) for her work on [reasoning with analogies](https://reasoninglab.psych.ucla.edu/wp-content/uploads/sites/273/2021/04/Gentner-and-Holyoak-1997.pdf), and to [Allan Collins](https://allancollins.northwestern.edu/) for his work on plausible reasoning. Cognitive AI has a broader scope than ACT-R and seeks to mimic the human brain as a whole at a functional level, inspired by advances across the cognitive sciences. As such, Cognitive AI can be contrasted with approaches that focus on logic and formal semantics. Cognitive AI can likewise be decoupled from the underlying implementation, as the phenomenological requirements are essentially independent of whether they are realised as explicit graphs, vector spaces or pulsed neural networks, see David Marr's [three levels of analysis](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Marr_(neuroscientist)#Levels_of_analysis).

## Cognitive Architecture

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