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"title": "International Standard Classification of Education"
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<body class="h-entry informative"><div class="head">
<a class="logo" href="https://www.w3.org/"><img alt="W3C" width="72" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2016/logos/W3C"></a> <h1 id="title" class="title">Challenges with Accessibility Guidelines Conformance and Testing, and Approaches for Mitigating Them</h1>

<h2>
W3C Editor's Draft
<time class="dt-published" datetime="2024-12-09">09 December 2024</time>
<time class="dt-published" datetime="2024-12-12">12 December 2024</time>
</h2>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt><dd>
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Informative references
<a class="self-link" aria-label="§" href="#informative-references"></a></h3>
<dl class="bibliography">
<dt id="bib-accessibility-metrics-report">[accessibility-metrics-report]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/accessibility-metrics-report/"><cite>Research Report on Web Accessibility Metrics</cite></a>. Markel Vigo; Giorgio Brajnik; Joshue O'Connor. W3C. 30 August 2012. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/accessibility-metrics-report/">https://www.w3.org/TR/accessibility-metrics-report/</a></dd><dt id="bib-act-rules-format-1.0">[act-rules-format-1.0]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format-1.0/"><cite>Accessibility Conformance Testing (ACT) Rules Format 1.0</cite></a>. Wilco Fiers; Maureen Kraft; Mary Jo Mueller; Shadi Abou-Zahra. W3C. 31 October 2019. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format-1.0/">https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format-1.0/</a></dd><dt id="bib-atag20">[atag20]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/"><cite>Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0</cite></a>. Jan Richards; Jeanne F Spellman; Jutta Treviranus. W3C. 24 September 2015. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/">https://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/</a></dd><dt id="bib-coga-usable">[coga-usable]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-usable/"><cite>Making Content Usable for People with Cognitive and Learning Disabilities</cite></a>. Lisa Seeman-Horwitz; Rachael Bradley Montgomery; Steve Lee; Ruoxi Ran. W3C. 29 April 2021. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-usable/">https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-usable/</a></dd><dt id="bib-media-accessibility-reqs">[media-accessibility-reqs]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/media-accessibility-reqs/"><cite>Media Accessibility User Requirements</cite></a>. Shane McCarron; Michael Cooper; Mark Sadecki. W3C. 3 December 2015. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/media-accessibility-reqs/">https://www.w3.org/TR/media-accessibility-reqs/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag-em">[wcag-em]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/"><cite>Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0</cite></a>. Eric Velleman; Shadi Abou-Zahra. W3C. 10 July 2014. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag20">[wcag20]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0</cite></a>. Ben Caldwell; Michael Cooper; Loretta Guarino Reid; Gregg Vanderheiden et al. W3C. 11 December 2008. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag21">[wcag21]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1</cite></a>. Michael Cooper; Andrew Kirkpatrick; Joshue O'Connor; Alastair Campbell. W3C. 21 September 2023. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag2ict">[wcag2ict]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict/"><cite>Guidance on Applying WCAG 2.0 to Non-Web Information and Communications Technologies (WCAG2ICT)</cite></a>. Michael Cooper; Peter Korn; Andi Snow-Weaver; Gregg Vanderheiden. W3C. 5 September 2013. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict/">https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict/</a></dd>
<dt id="bib-accessibility-metrics-report">[accessibility-metrics-report]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/accessibility-metrics-report/"><cite>Research Report on Web Accessibility Metrics</cite></a>. Markel Vigo; Giorgio Brajnik; Joshue O'Connor. W3C. 30 August 2012. W3C Working Draft. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/accessibility-metrics-report/">https://www.w3.org/TR/accessibility-metrics-report/</a></dd><dt id="bib-act-rules-format-1.0">[act-rules-format-1.0]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format-1.0/"><cite>Accessibility Conformance Testing (ACT) Rules Format 1.0</cite></a>. Wilco Fiers; Maureen Kraft; Mary Jo Mueller; Shadi Abou-Zahra. W3C. 31 October 2019. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format-1.0/">https://www.w3.org/TR/act-rules-format-1.0/</a></dd><dt id="bib-atag20">[atag20]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/"><cite>Authoring Tool Accessibility Guidelines (ATAG) 2.0</cite></a>. Jan Richards; Jeanne F Spellman; Jutta Treviranus. W3C. 24 September 2015. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/">https://www.w3.org/TR/ATAG20/</a></dd><dt id="bib-coga-usable">[coga-usable]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-usable/"><cite>Making Content Usable for People with Cognitive and Learning Disabilities</cite></a>. Lisa Seeman-Horwitz; Rachael Bradley Montgomery; Steve Lee; Ruoxi Ran. W3C. 29 April 2021. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-usable/">https://www.w3.org/TR/coga-usable/</a></dd><dt id="bib-media-accessibility-reqs">[media-accessibility-reqs]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/media-accessibility-reqs/"><cite>Media Accessibility User Requirements</cite></a>. Shane McCarron; Michael Cooper; Mark Sadecki. W3C. 3 December 2015. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/media-accessibility-reqs/">https://www.w3.org/TR/media-accessibility-reqs/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag-em">[wcag-em]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/"><cite>Website Accessibility Conformance Evaluation Methodology (WCAG-EM) 1.0</cite></a>. Eric Velleman; Shadi Abou-Zahra. W3C. 10 July 2014. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG-EM/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag20">[wcag20]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0</cite></a>. Ben Caldwell; Michael Cooper; Loretta Guarino Reid; Gregg Vanderheiden et al. W3C. 11 December 2008. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag21">[wcag21]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1</cite></a>. Michael Cooper; Andrew Kirkpatrick; Joshue O'Connor; Alastair Campbell. W3C. 12 December 2024. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</a></dd><dt id="bib-wcag2ict">[wcag2ict]</dt><dd><a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict/"><cite>Guidance on Applying WCAG 2.0 to Non-Web Information and Communications Technologies (WCAG2ICT)</cite></a>. Michael Cooper; Peter Korn; Andi Snow-Weaver; Gregg Vanderheiden. W3C. 5 September 2013. W3C Note. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict/">https://www.w3.org/TR/wcag2ict/</a></dd>
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40 changes: 20 additions & 20 deletions guidelines/22/index.html
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<link rel="stylesheet" href="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/W3C-REC"></head>
<body class="h-entry informative"><div class="head">
<p class="logos"><a class="logo" href="https://www.w3.org/"><img crossorigin="" alt="W3C" height="48" src="https://www.w3.org/StyleSheets/TR/2021/logos/W3C" width="72">
</a></p>
<h1 id="title" class="title">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2</h1>
<p id="w3c-state"><a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#REC">W3C Recommendation</a> <time class="dt-published" datetime="2024-12-09">09 December 2024</time></p>
<p id="w3c-state"><a href="https://www.w3.org/standards/types#REC">W3C Recommendation</a> <time class="dt-published" datetime="2024-12-12">12 December 2024</time></p>
<details open="">
<summary>More details about this document</summary>
<dl>
<dt>This version:</dt><dd>
<a class="u-url" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2024/REC-WCAG22-20241209/">https://www.w3.org/TR/2024/REC-WCAG22-20241209/</a>
<a class="u-url" href="https://www.w3.org/TR/2024/REC-WCAG22-20241212/">https://www.w3.org/TR/2024/REC-WCAG22-20241212/</a>
</dd>
<dt>Latest published version:</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG22/</a>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -4126,7 +4126,7 @@ <h1 id="title" class="title">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2</h1
<li><code class="language-html">address-level1</code> - The broadest administrative level in the address, i.e., the province within which the locality is found; for example, in the US, this would be the state; in Switzerland it would be the canton; in the UK, the post town</li>
<li><code class="language-html">country</code> - Country code</li>
<li><code class="language-html">country-name</code> - Country name</li>
<li><code class="language-html">postal-code</code> - Postal code, post code, ZIP code, CEDEX code (if CEDEX, append "CEDEX", and the <i lang="fr">dissement</i>, if relevant, to the <code class="language-html">address-level2</code> field)</li>
<li><code class="language-html">postal-code</code> - Postal code, post code, ZIP code, CEDEX code (if CEDEX, append "CEDEX", and the <i lang="fr">arrondissement</i>, if relevant, to the <code class="language-html">address-level2</code> field)</li>
<li><code class="language-html">cc-name</code> - Full name as given on the payment instrument</li>
<li><code class="language-html">cc-given-name</code> - Given name as given on the payment instrument (in some Western cultures, also known as the <i>first name</i>)</li>
<li><code class="language-html">cc-additional-name</code> - Additional names given on the payment instrument (in some Western cultures, also known as <i>middle names</i>, forenames other than the first name)</li>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -4175,19 +4175,19 @@ <h1 id="title" class="title">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2</h1
<li>2022-03-22: Added <a href="#focus-not-obscured-minimum">Focus Not Obscured (Minimum)</a>.</li>
<li>2022-05-30: Added <a href="#focus-not-obscured-enhanced">Focus Not Obscured (Enhanced)</a>.</li>
<li>2023-06-05: Added privacy and security sections within conformance.</li>
<li>2024-11-15: Republished WCAG 2.2, incorporating the following errata:
<ul>
<li>modified the definitions of <a href="#dfn-single-pointer" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-single-pointer-4" title="an input modality that only targets a single point on the page/screen at a time – such as a mouse, single finger on a touch screen, or stylus.">single pointer</a>, <a href="#dfn-used-in-an-unusual-or-restricted-way" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-used-in-an-unusual-or-restricted-way-2" title="words used in such a way that requires users to know exactly which definition to apply in order to understand the content correctly">used in an unusual or restricted way</a>, <a href="#dfn-motion-animation" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-motion-animation-2" title="addition of steps between conditions to create the illusion of movement or to give a sense of a smooth transition">motion animation</a>, and <a href="#dfn-programmatically-determinable" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-programmatically-determinable-14" title="determined by software from author-supplied data provided in a way that different user agents, including assistive technologies, can extract and present this information to users in different modalities">programmatically determined</a></li>
<li>modified the formatting of definitions for <a href="#dfn-change-of-context" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-change-of-context-5" title="major changes that, if made without user awareness, can disorient users who are not able to view the entire page simultaneously">changes of context</a>, <a href="#dfn-general-flash-and-red-flash-thresholds" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-general-flash-and-red-flash-thresholds-3" title="a flash or rapidly changing image sequence is below the threshold (i.e., content passes) if any of the following are true:">general flash and red flash thresholds</a>, <a href="#dfn-cognitive-function-test" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-cognitive-function-test-3" title="New">cognitive function test</a>, and <a href="#dfn-structure" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-structure-3" title="The way the parts of a web page are organized in relation to each other; and The way a collection of web pages is organized">structure</a></li>
<li>removed the defunct <q>encloses</q> definition</li>
<li>corrected typo in <a href="#input-purposes">input purposes</a> list</li>
<li>modified the formatting of Target Size (Minimum) and Accessible Authentication (Minimum)</li>
<li>modified the visual presentation for content identified as New</li>
<li>modified the language covering devices in the <a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li>made editorial changes to improve consistent use of definitions in the success criteria</li>
<li>made editorial changes to improve consistent use of the terms <q>success criteria/criterion</q>, <q>web</q>, <q>website</q>, and <q>web page</q></li>
</ul>
</li>
<li>2024-12-1w: Republished WCAG 2.2, incorporating the following errata:
<ul>
<li>modified the definitions of <a href="#dfn-single-pointer" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-single-pointer-4" title="an input modality that only targets a single point on the page/screen at a time – such as a mouse, single finger on a touch screen, or stylus.">single pointer</a>, <a href="#dfn-used-in-an-unusual-or-restricted-way" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-used-in-an-unusual-or-restricted-way-2" title="words used in such a way that requires users to know exactly which definition to apply in order to understand the content correctly">used in an unusual or restricted way</a>, <a href="#dfn-motion-animation" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-motion-animation-2" title="addition of steps between conditions to create the illusion of movement or to give a sense of a smooth transition">motion animation</a>, and <a href="#dfn-programmatically-determinable" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-programmatically-determinable-14" title="determined by software from author-supplied data provided in a way that different user agents, including assistive technologies, can extract and present this information to users in different modalities">programmatically determined</a></li>
<li>modified the formatting of definitions for <a href="#dfn-change-of-context" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-change-of-context-5" title="major changes that, if made without user awareness, can disorient users who are not able to view the entire page simultaneously">changes of context</a>, <a href="#dfn-general-flash-and-red-flash-thresholds" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-general-flash-and-red-flash-thresholds-3" title="a flash or rapidly changing image sequence is below the threshold (i.e., content passes) if any of the following are true:">general flash and red flash thresholds</a>, <a href="#dfn-cognitive-function-test" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-cognitive-function-test-3" title="New">cognitive function test</a>, and <a href="#dfn-structure" class="internalDFN" data-link-type="dfn" id="ref-for-dfn-structure-3" title="The way the parts of a web page are organized in relation to each other; and The way a collection of web pages is organized">structure</a></li>
<li>removed the defunct <q>encloses</q> definition</li>
<li>corrected typo in <a href="#input-purposes">input purposes</a> list</li>
<li>modified the formatting of Target Size (Minimum) and Accessible Authentication (Minimum)</li>
<li>modified the visual presentation for content identified as New</li>
<li>modified the language covering devices in the <a href="#abstract">Abstract</a></li>
<li>made editorial changes to improve consistent use of definitions in the success criteria</li>
<li>made editorial changes to improve consistent use of the terms <q>success criteria/criterion</q>, <q>web</q>, <q>website</q>, and <q>web page</q></li>
</ul>
</li>
</ul>
</section>
<section class="appendix informative section" id="acknowledgements"><div class="header-wrapper"><h2 id="b-acknowledgments"><bdi class="secno">B. </bdi>Acknowledgments</h2><a class="self-link" href="#acknowledgements" aria-label="Permalink for Appendix B."></a></div><p><em>This section is non-normative.</em></p>
Expand Down Expand Up @@ -4323,7 +4323,7 @@ <h1 id="title" class="title">Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.2</h1
</dd><dt id="bib-wcag20">[WCAG20]</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.0</cite></a>. Ben Caldwell; Michael Cooper; Loretta Guarino Reid; Gregg Vanderheiden et al. W3C. 11 December 2008. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG20/</a>
</dd><dt id="bib-wcag21">[WCAG21]</dt><dd>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1</cite></a>. Michael Cooper; Andrew Kirkpatrick; Joshue O'Connor; Alastair Campbell. W3C. 21 September 2023. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</a>
<a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/"><cite>Web Content Accessibility Guidelines (WCAG) 2.1</cite></a>. Michael Cooper; Andrew Kirkpatrick; Joshue O'Connor; Alastair Campbell. W3C. 12 December 2024. W3C Recommendation. URL: <a href="https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/">https://www.w3.org/TR/WCAG21/</a>
</dd></dl>
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